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Published in 1948, George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four told the story of a society in which people’s words and actions were constantly monitored by the state. Written as a warning against the repression of totalitarian societies, the scenario seemed very unlikely in mid-Twentieth century Britain. However, by the early Twenty first century at least one of its premises has become reality.Almost anywhere you go in public today, your actioans are likely to be monitored via closed circuit television (CCTV). The use of CCTV in public places has become almost universal, not to mention many private places too. But unlike Orwell’s novel, it is not a case of a totalitarian government seeking to monitor your every word and deed for political control. The use of CCTV by governments is a response to demands to cut rising crime rates. mirror CAM are used chiefly in public places such as railway stations, car parks, in and around public buildings and centres of nightlife and shopping centres. A study in 2011 estimated that there were at least 1.85 million CCTV cameras operating in Britain.24 Of these it was estimated that about 33,000 were operated by local authorities, 115,000 were located on public transport and the rest, at least 1.7 million cameras, were operated privately.
In part the spread of CCTV is a cost-effective method of law enforcement. It is simply too expensive to have police officers patrolling every street corner, but you can set cameras to watch instead. The greatest numbers of cameras are operated by private security companies. They are to be found in privately owned properties, especially companies trying to protect their property from thieves, vandals and other threats. The advent of face recognition software makes it possible to track individuals efficiently, especially in crowded areas such as railway stations. Technology is also being used to improve road safety. Car drivers today are monitored like never before. Ever since motorcars first appeared, and long before, police have patrolled the roads hunting for criminals and watching traffic violations. Today much of this police work is automated. Instead of patrolling the roads, many police officers now man computers. From the late 1990s, automated Rearview Mirror DVR have been used increasingly for traffic control in many cities. They are used especially for catching drivers who are speeding or failing to stop for red lights at intersections. The justification for their use is that they improve safety. On the other hand, critics argue that, rather than a safety measure, traffic fines have come to be seen as an important source of public revenue.Consider my morning trip from home to the office. Leaving home, I drive down a hill to the main tollway. From there, my route is tracked by cameras for some 15–20 km. When I reach the grounds of my university, CCTV cameras follow my progress into the main car park. They continue to watch as I leave the car park heading for the office. Smart DVR on the outside of several buildings record my route and on entering my building, cameras note my every step as I walk through the foyer, head up the stairs and follow the corridor right to my office door. In short, my journey to and from work is monitored the whole way.More information at http://www.jimilab.com/. Should you have any other question, please contact us at http://www.jimilab.com/contact/.
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Over the past several years, GPS tracking have become extremely popular and affordable. Lots of people who venture away from urban areas are carrying them. Cars come installed with GPS navigation systems for negotiating city streets and highways. Cell phones are even starting to show up with tiny GPS tracking embedded inside. And even if you don’t have a GPS tracking you can always go out on the Web and print a map of where you want to go. But, there are a few hitches in this perfect, always found world: GPS tracking tend to boast so many features it’s easy to get lost trying to figure them all out. Plus, most GPS tracking owners typically only use ma small subset of the available features (and sometimes don’t even know how to use these features well enough to avoid getting lost). GPS tracking have capabilities and limitations that many owners (or potential owners) really don’t understand. This leads to frustration or not being able to use the devices to their full potential. While many people have a general knowledge of how to read a map, at least the simple road variety, most don’t know how to really maximize using a map. And finally, the average computer user isn’t aware of the wealth of easyto-use, free or inexpensive mapping resources he or she could be using to stay found. GPS tracking devices Ask yourself these questions: Are you considering purchasing a GPS tracking ? Have you owned a GPS tracking for a while, but want to get more out of it? Are you interested in using digital maps for your profession or hobby? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then stop reading and immediately proceed to the cash register, because this article will make your life easier (if you’re still not convinced, feel free to continue flipping through the pages to see what I mean). While most GPS tracking have the same functionality, there are a lot of differences in manufacturer and model user interfaces. In a way it’s like sitting someone down in front of three personal computers, one running Microsoft Windows XP, one running Linux (with the KDE or Gnome interface), and the other a Macintosh, and asking a computer novice volunteer to perform an identical set of tasks on each of the computers. Good luck! Because of this, you’re not going to find detailed instructions on how to use specific GPS tracking models. What you will find is information on how to use most any GPS tracking , with some kindly suggestions tossed in when it’s appropriate to consult your user’s guide for details. Finally, don’t expect me to tell you what’s the best GPS tracking . Like any consumer electronics product, GPS Tracking Devices models are constantly changing and being updated. Instead of recommending that you buy a certain brand or model (that could possibly be replaced by something cheaper and better over the course of a few months), I’ll tell you what questions to ask when selecting a GPS tracking and give you some hints on which features are best for different activities. You’ll be able to apply these questions and selection criteria to pretty much any GPS tracking (no matter how much the marketplace changes), to pick the right model for you. So,I will tell you. Professionally advanced software tracking platform, latest innovation developed by core software team. With extensive programming and modular design, the tracking software experts in simplifying vehicle monitoring process, so as to make things easier and finally to deliver an entirely customizable experience. platform consists of an extendable database, which ultimately can meet various functional requirements and needs. Based off the latest and most secure Cloud technology, which has the ability to provide almost any type of customization that its needed. Fleet management, personal, or any type of tracking, is sure to be the only GPS tracking platform for all your needs. GPS tracking Apply Recreation – Hikers, hunters, fishers, mountain bikers, trail runners, cross country skiers, snowshoers, snowmobilers, ATV and 4 x 4 drivers,prospectors, pilots, paddlers. Government – Emergency response agencies (search and rescue, fire, law enforcement, disaster relief) More information at http://www.jimilab.com/. Should you have any other question, please contact us at http://www.jimilab.com/contact/. votre commentaire
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When this new system first demonstrated that high accuracy is achievable. With further reduction of equipment costs and both the modernization an d augmentation of GPS, numerous additional applications will develop. This includes terrestrial, marine, and aviation applications. The future uses of GPS are limited only by one’s imagination. Many of the present uses we’re described in various articles written as early as 1982.
Some examples for applications on land are vehicle navigation and information systems including Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS ). Another land application which has been mentioned is t he use of GPS to automate various types of machinery. For example, it should be possible to automate the grading and paving equipment used for road building. Equipment could be run around the clock without operator with GPS performing all motion operations based upon a digital terrain model stored in the computer of the equipment . There will also be numerous applications in survey and geodesy as well as precise time determination and – one of the fastest growing GPS applications time transfer. Available resources of telephone companies, power companies, and many others are enhanced by precis e timing. Other future GPS applications concernatmsphere sounding . The data will contribute to a better understanding of the structure of the atmosphere leading for example to improved models for weather analysis.
Marine applications will include vessel navigation and information systems , precise harbor entrance system s, and oceanography in general. DGPS will mostly be used for these purposes , and dense networks of monitor stations are to be established along the coasts . One example is the network of real-time DGPS beacon sites along the U.S. coasts operated by the USCG.
For aviation, GPS will be integrated into other navigation systems like INS to fulfill the high reliability and integrity requirements. Applications will include enroute navigation and surveillance, approach and landing, collision avoidance, and proximity warning. Aircraft could be operated in an automated mode with takeoffs and landings being performed by integrating GPS and computer units .
The use of GPS will increasingly be extended to space for precise positioning of (e .g. , earth remote sensing) satellites, for attitude determination of spacecraft , and for missile navigation.
GPS modernization
In January 1999, the U.S.A. announced a $400 million initiative to modernize GPS. Key feature of the initiative is the implementation of new signal structures in future satellites.
Future GPS satellites
The first Block IIR satellites are already in orbit, while the Block IIF or follow on satellites are under construction. They will be launched from 2007 onwards. The Block III satellites carrying GPS into 2030 and beyond are presently being designed.
The next generation of satellites will have many improvements over the present satellites. It is planned to include the capability to transmit data between satellites to make the system more independent. The Autonomous Navigation (Auto-Nav) capability will allow the satellites to essentially position themselves without extensive ground tracking . In summary, the future satellites will have the following advantages:
- Navigation accuracy is maintained for six months without ground sup-port. No survivable control and no user modifications are required.
- Uplink jamming concerns are minimized.
- One upload per spacecraft per month instead of one or even more per day is performed.
- Need for overseas stations to support navigation uploads is reduced.
- Improved navigation accuracy is achieved.
These features mainly benefit the military use of the system, since civilians will still be required to provide their own ephemerides for accurate surveys .
More information at http://www.jimilab.com/. If you have any other question, please contact us at info@jimilab.com.
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The first of these unconventional GPS applications to be seriously examined was precise orbit determination (POD) in support of high precision ocean altimetry. A global differential GPS technique for achieving sub-decimeter orbit accuracy on the joint U.S.- French TopexlPoseidon mission was first proposed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1981. The basic elements of the proposed differential GPS system-a small global ground network, a precision flight receiver, the GPS constellation, and an analysis center-are depicted in the picture below.
Over the years, a variety of refinements to the proposed orbit estimation technique, evaluated through simulation studies and covariance analysis, revealed the surprisingly rich potential of tracking device for few-centimeter tracking of orbiters at low altitudes. The Topex/Poseidon ocean altimetry satellite was launched into a 1300 kIn orbit on an Ariane rocket in August of 1992. It carried an experimental dual-frequency P-code receiver built by Motorola to test these new tracking techniques [Melbourne et ai, 1994]. The Topex GPS POD demonstration has now surpassed pre-launch expectations of 5- 10 cm radial orbit accuracy by about a factor of three. A number of aspects of this experiment are notable:(1) conventional dynamic differential GPS orbit solutions were essentially equivalent to dynamic solutions obtained with laser and DORIS (Doppler) tracking data, with radial accuracies of 3-4 cm RMS [Schutz et ai, 1994]; (2) reduced dynamic orbit solutions, in which the unique geometric strength of GPS data is used to minimize sensitivity to force model errors [Wu et ai, 1991] consistently improved upon dynamic solutions (judged primarily by altimeter crossover agreements) to yield radial orbit accuracies of 2-3 cm RMS [Yunck et ai, 1994; Bertiger et ai, 1994; Hesper et ai, 1994]; (3) University of Texas investigators used GPS data from TopexiPoseidon to improve the Earth gravity model over what had earlier been achieved by tuning with laser and DORIS data, leading to significantly reduced geographically correlated dynamic orbit error [Bertiger et ai, 1994]; (4) dynamic orbits with a GPS-tuned gravity model surpass those with a laser/Doppler-tuned model, but fall short (by -1 cm RMS) of GPS reduced dynamic orbits [Bertiger et ai, 1995]; (5) GPS tracker based orbits of the highest accuracy are now obtained with a fully automated, unattended processing system; (6) analysis based on Topex results suggests that reduced dynamic orbit accuracies of a few centimeters should be achievable for future missions at altitudes below 500 km [Melbourne et ai, 1994; Bertiger et ai, 1994]; (7) recent unpublished results by Ron Muellerschoen at JPL indicate that carefully tuned onboard dynamic filtering could yield real time non-differential orbit accuracies of a few meters under nominal levels of selective availability.Since the TopexlPoseidon receiver cannot decrypt the Y-codes, the GPS demonstration has been partially in abeyance since anti-spoofing came on nearly full time in January of 1994. Routine processing continues, however, with Ll C/A-code data, yielding radial accuracies in the range of 4-5 cm RMS, itself a somewhat surprising result. In the wake of the Topex success, GPS-based POD has been adopted for several future altimetry missions, including the U.S. Navy's Geosat Follow-On, which will carry a Rockwell MAGR and is slated for a 1996 launch, and the TopexiPoseidon Follow-On, proposed for launch later in the decade.More information at http://www.jimilab.com/. Should you have any other question, please contact us at http://www.jimilab.com/contact/. votre commentaire
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GPS receivers that support maps come with a basemap of the region the GPS receiver was sold in (such as North America or Europe) that shows city locations, highways, major roads, bodies of water, and other features. Precisely what the basemaps display varies by manufacturer and model. Although base- maps do provide general information, some GPS receiver users want more detailed maps that show city streets, topographic features, marine navigation aids, or places outside the United States.How long building a map takes depends on the size of the area that you select, how much map detail you want to include, and how fast your PC is. This can range from a minute or less for small areas (such as a metropolitan area) to five or ten minutes for a large map (such as one that includes many different states). How much time it takes to upload a map into a GPS receiver also depends on the size of the area you select and how the receiver stores maps. If you’re uploading a large map from a PC via a serial cable, it can take hours to transfer the map between a PC and your GPS receiver. GPS receivers that support Universal Serial Bus (USB) communications are much faster.
For GPS receivers that use SD or MMC memory for storage, after the map has been created and saved to the memory card, it’s just a matter of inserting the card into the receiver. After you purchase GPS receiver map software, be sure to check the manufacturer’s Web site every now and then to see whether updated releases of the PC software are available. You may be able to download upgraded versions of the program with bug fixes and enhanced features. Keep in mind that when you download the program, updated map data doesn’t come with it. Some GPS receiver manufacturers use different methods for stemming software and map piracy. Some map products (notably nautical charts) have multiple regions stored on CD-ROM, and you need to purchase an unlock code for each region you want to access. In addition, programs commonly link the serial number of a GPS receiver to a map, meaning that the map will work only with the GPS receiver that the map was originally uploaded to.For the most part, GPS manufacturers have a lock on the market when it comes to maps that can be uploaded to their receivers. GPS receiver owners must use proprietary maps distributed by the manufacturers. However, a small group of technically adept GPS and map enthusiasts have found ways around this map monopoly. At the present, creating your own do-it-yourself GPS receiver maps is a somewhat complicated process, but a number of tutorials are available on the Internetcturers have a lock on the market when it comes to maps that can be uploaded to their receivers. GPS receiver owners must use proprietary maps distributed by the manufacturers. However, a small group of technically adept GPS and map enthusiasts have found ways around this map monopoly. At the present, creating your own do-it-yourself GPS receiver maps is a somewhat complicated process, but a number of tutorials are available on the Internet.More information at http://www.jimilab.com/. Should you have any other question, please contact us at http://www.jimilab.com/contact/. votre commentaire
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